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1.
Braz. j. infect. dis ; 26(3): 102368, 2022. tab
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1384133

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT A 34-year-old man presented with a history of 21-days of gait unsteadiness and diplopia. Ten days before presentation, he developed limb weakness and in the last three days reduced consciousness. HIV infection was diagnosed three months ago (CD4+ = 160 cells/ mm3; viral load HIV-1 = 144.000 copies/mL), and antiretroviral therapy was initiated. Impaired consciousness, ophthalmoplegia, limb weakness, ataxia, areflexia, and Babinskys sign were noted. At that moment, CD4+ count was 372 cells/mm 3 and viral load HIV-1 < 50 copies/mL. The clinical, laboratory and neurophysiological findings suggest overlapping Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) and Bickerstaff brainstem encephalitis as manifestation of HIV-related immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS). Here, we review and discuss 7 cases (including the present report) of GBS spectrum as manifestation of HIV-related IRIS.

3.
Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Säo Paulo ; 57(6): 531-535, Nov.-Dec. 2015. graf
Article in English | LILACS, SES-SP, SESSP-IIERPROD, SES-SP | ID: lil-770117

ABSTRACT

The reactivation of Chagas disease in HIV infected patients presents high mortality and morbidity. We present the case of a female patient with confirmed Chagasic meningoencephalitis as AIDS-defining illness. Interestingly, her TCD4+ lymphocyte cell count was 318 cells/mm3. After two months of induction therapy, one year of maintenance with benznidazol, and early introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), the patient had good clinical, parasitological and radiological evolution. We used a qualitative polymerase chain reaction for the monitoring of T. cruzi parasitemia during and after the treatment. We emphasize the potential value of molecular techniques along with clinical and radiological parameters in the follow-up of patients with Chagas disease and HIV infection. Early introduction of HAART, prolonged induction and maintenance of antiparasitic therapy, and its discontinuation are feasible, in the current management of reactivation of Chagas disease.


A reativação da doença de Chagas em pacientes com a infecção pelo HIV apresenta uma alta morbidade e mortalidade. Neste relato, apresentamos caso confirmado de meningoencefalite chagásica, como doença definidora de aids, em paciente com 318 linfócitos T-CD4+/mm3. Após 2 meses de tratamento seguido de um ano de profilaxia secundária com benzonidazol e início precoce de terapia antirretroviral (HAART), a paciente apresentou boa evolução clínica, parasitológica e radiológica. Utilizamos a reação em cadeia da polimerase qualitativa do T. cruzi, para monitorização da parasitemia por T. cruzi durante e após o tratamento. Ressaltamos o valor potencial das técnicas moleculares associadas aos parâmetros clínicos e radiológicos nos pacientes com doença de Chagas e infecção pelo HIV. A introdução precoce da terapia antirretroviral, a terapia antiparasitária prolongada, manutenção e descontinuação da mesma, são desafios atuais, embora possíveis, no manejo da reativação da doença de Chagas na era das terapias antirretrovirais de alta eficácia.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections , Chagas Disease/complications , Immunosuppressive Agents/therapeutic use , Meningoencephalitis , Nitroimidazoles/therapeutic use , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/complications , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/drug therapy , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/parasitology , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/complications , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/drug therapy , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/parasitology , Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active , Chagas Disease/virology , Meningoencephalitis/drug therapy , Meningoencephalitis/parasitology , Meningoencephalitis , Meningoencephalitis/virology , Secondary Prevention/methods , Survival Rate , Time Factors , Trypanocidal Agents/therapeutic use
4.
Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Säo Paulo ; 57(supl.19): 38-45, Sept. 2015. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS, SESSP-IIERPROD, SES-SP | ID: lil-762056

ABSTRACT

SUMMARYAIDS-related cryptococcal meningitis continues to cause a substantial burden of death in low and middle income countries. The diagnostic use for detection of cryptococcal capsular polysaccharide antigen (CrAg) in serum and cerebrospinal fluid by latex agglutination test (CrAg-latex) or enzyme-linked immunoassay (EIA) has been available for over decades. Better diagnostics in asymptomatic and symptomatic phases of cryptococcosis are key components to reduce mortality. Recently, the cryptococcal antigen lateral flow assay (CrAg LFA) was included in the armamentarium for diagnosis. Unlike the other tests, the CrAg LFA is a dipstick immunochromatographic assay, in a format similar to the home pregnancy test, and requires little or no lab infrastructure. This test meets all of the World Health Organization ASSURED criteria (Affordable, Sensitive, Specific, User friendly, Rapid/robust, Equipment-free, and Delivered). CrAg LFA in serum, plasma, whole blood, or cerebrospinal fluid is useful for the diagnosis of disease caused by Cryptococcusspecies. The CrAg LFA has better analytical sensitivity for C. gattii than CrAg-latex or EIA. Prevention of cryptococcal disease is new application of CrAg LFA via screening of blood for subclinical infection in asymptomatic HIV-infected persons with CD4 counts < 100 cells/mL who are not receiving effective antiretroviral therapy. CrAg screening of leftover plasma specimens after CD4 testing can identify persons with asymptomatic infection who urgently require pre-emptive fluconazole, who will otherwise progress to symptomatic infection and/or die.


RESUMOA meningite criptocócica continua causando um substancial índice de óbitos em pacientes infectados por HIV em países de baixa e média renda. Ferramentas diagnósticas para detecção do antígeno capsular polissacarídico criptocócico (CrAg) em soro e líquor tais como o teste de aglutinação de látex (latex-CrAg) ou o imunoensaio (EIE) têm sido utilizadas por muitos anos. Técnicas diagnósticas mais aprimoradas seriam cruciais nas fases assintomática e sintomática da criptococose para reduzir a mortalidade. Recentemente, o ensaio de fluxo lateral para detecção do antígeno criptocócico (LFA CrAg) foi incluído no arsenal diagnóstico. Contrariamente aos outros testes, LFA CrAg é um ensaio imunocromatográfico em formato similar ao teste de gravidez, e requer pouca ou nenhuma infraestrutura laboratorial. Este teste preenche os critérios ASSURED (Affordable, Sensitive,Specific, User friendly,Rapid/ robust,Equipment-free,Delivered) da Organização Mundial da Saúde e pode ser utilizado em soro, plasma, sangue total ou líquor para o diagnóstico da criptococose. LFA CrAg tem melhor sensibilidade analítica para o C. gattii que o teste de látex-CrAg ou EIE. A prevenção da doença criptocócica constituiria uma nova aplicação do LFA CrAg, mediante a triagem de amostras de sangue para a identificação de infecção sub-clínica em pacientes infectados pelo HIV que não apresentam sintomas, possuem contagem de CD4 < 100 células/mL e não recebem terapia antirretroviral eficaz. A triagem de CrgA em amostras de plasma remanescente da contagem de CD4 pode identificar pacientes com infecção assintomática que precisam urgentemente de tratamento preemptivo com fluconazol, evitando assim a progressão para doença sintomática e/ou óbito.


Subject(s)
Humans , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/diagnosis , Antigens, Fungal/immunology , Cryptococcus/immunology , Meningitis, Cryptococcal/diagnosis , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/blood , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/mortality , Antigens, Fungal/blood , Chromatography, Affinity , Meningitis, Cryptococcal/blood , Meningitis, Cryptococcal/mortality , Point-of-Care Systems , Sensitivity and Specificity
6.
Arq. neuropsiquiatr ; 71(9B): 653-658, set. 2013.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-688540

ABSTRACT

Invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) is a major public health and continues to cause substantial mortality and morbidity. Serotype C is the most frequent in Brazil. The clinical spectrum of IMD is broad (meningitis, meningococcemia or both) and the clinical evolution may be unpredictable. Main features associated with mortality are: age higher than 50 years old, seizures, shock, and meningococcemia without meningitis. Blood cultures should be obtained immediately. Lumbar puncture can be performed without previous computed tomography scan (CT) in most cases. Clinical features can be useful to predic patients where an abnormal CT scan is likely. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) culture and Gram stain should always be required. Latex agglutination sensitivity is highly variable. Polymerase chain reaction is specially useful when other methods are negative or delayed. Usually ceftriaxone should not be delayed while awaiting CSF study or CT. Dexamethasone can be used in meningococcal meningitis. Early suspicion of IMD and antibiotic in primary care before hospitalization, rapid transportation to a hospital, and stabilization in an intensive-care unit has substantially reduced the case-fatality rate. Vaccines against serotypes A, C, W-135, and Y are available while vaccines against serotype B are expected.


A doença meningocócica invasiva (DMI) é um problema de saúde pública e continua causando importante mortalidade e morbidade. O sorotipo C é o mais frequente no Brazil. O espectro clínico da DMI é amplo (meningite, meningococcemia ou ambos) e a evolução clínica pode ser imprevisível. As principais características associadas a mortalidade são: idade acima de 50 anos, convulsões, choque, e meningococcemia sem meningite. Culturas de sangue devem ser obtidas imediatamente. Punção lombar pode ser realizada sem tomografia computadorizada (TC) prévia na maioria dos casos. Características clínicas podem ajudar a predizer pacientes com elevada probabilidade de apresentar TC alterada. Cultura e Gram no líquido cefalorraquiano devem ser sempre solicitadas. Aglutinação do látex apresenta sensibilidade muito variável. Reação em cadeia da polimerase é especialmente útil quando os outros métodos são negativos ou demorados. O uso de ceftriaxona não deve ser retardado enquanto se esperam os resultados do líquor ou TC. Dexametasona pode ser utilizada na meningite meningococóca. Suspeita precoce de DMI, antibiótico no primeira atendimento, antes da admissão hospitalar, transporte rápido para hospital, e estabilização em unidade de terapia intensiva reduz substancialmente a taxa de letalidade. Vacinas contra os sorotipos A, C, W-135, e Y estão disponíveis, entretanto, vacinas contra o sorotipo B são esperadas.


Subject(s)
Humans , Meningitis, Meningococcal , Meningitis, Meningococcal/diagnosis , Meningitis, Meningococcal/drug therapy , Meningitis, Meningococcal/prevention & control , Neisseria meningitidis , Spinal Puncture
7.
Braz. j. infect. dis ; 17(3): 353-362, May-June 2013. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS, SES-SP | ID: lil-676873

ABSTRACT

Latin America is the region with the third most AIDS-related cryptococcal meningitis infections globally. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has reduced the number of infections; however, the number of deaths and the case-fatality rate continues to be unacceptable. In this review, we focus on the burden of AIDS-related cryptococcosis in Latin America and discuss potential strategies to reduce early mortality from Cryptococcus. In this review, we highlight the importance of: (1) earlier HIV diagnosis and HAART initiation with retention-in-care to avoid AIDS; (2) pre-HAART cryptococcal antigen (CRAG) screening with preemptive fluconazole treatment; (3) better diagnostics (e.g. CRAG testing); and (4) optimal treatment with aggressive management of intracranial pressure and induction therapy with antifungal combination. Implementation of these strategies can reduce cryptococcal-related deaths, improve care, and reduce healthcare costs.


Subject(s)
Humans , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/mortality , Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active , Meningitis, Cryptococcal/mortality , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/drug therapy , Antifungal Agents/therapeutic use , Latin America/epidemiology , Meningitis, Cryptococcal/drug therapy
9.
Braz. j. infect. dis ; 15(4): 356-359, July-Aug. 2011. tab
Article in English | LILACS, SES-SP | ID: lil-595677

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Cerebral toxoplasmosis (CT) continues to cause significant morbidity and mortality in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients in Brazil. In clinical practice, the initial diagnosis is usually presumptive and alternative diagnosis tools are necessary. Our objective was to evaluate whether the detection of high titers of IgG anti-Toxoplasma gondii and T. gondii DNA in blood samples are associated with the diagnosis of CT. METHODS: In this case-control study we included 192 patients with HIV-1 infection: 64 patients with presumptive CT (cases) and 128 patients with other diseases (controls). Blood samples to perform indirect immunofluorescense reaction (IFI) to detect anti-T. gondii IgG antibodies and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were collected before or within the first three days of anti-Toxoplasma therapy. Two multivariate logistic regression models were performed: one including the variable qualitative serology and another including quantitative serology. RESULTS: In the first model, positive IgG anti-T. gondii (OR 4.7, 95 percent CI 1.2-18.3; p = 0.027) and a positive T. gondii PCR result (OR 132, 95 percent CI 35-505; p < 0.001) were associated with the diagnosis. In the second model, IgG anti-T. gondii titres > 1:1024 (OR 7.6, 95 percent CI 2.3-25.1; p = 0.001) and a positive T. gondii PCR result (OR 147, 95 percent CI 35-613; p < 0.001) were associated with the diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: Quantitative serology and molecular diagnosis in peripheral blood samples were independently associated with the diagnosis of CT in HIV-infected patients. These diagnostic tools can contribute to a timely diagnosis of CT in settings where Toxoplasma infection is common in the general population.


Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/diagnosis , Antibodies, Protozoan/blood , DNA, Protozoan/blood , Immunoglobulin G/blood , Toxoplasma/genetics , Toxoplasma/immunology , Toxoplasmosis, Cerebral/diagnosis , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/parasitology , Case-Control Studies , Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Sensitivity and Specificity
10.
Braz. j. infect. dis ; 15(3): 245-248, May-June 2011. tab
Article in English | LILACS, SES-SP | ID: lil-589956

ABSTRACT

Information about resistance profile of darunavir (DRV) is scarce in Brazil. Our objectives were to estimate the prevalence of DRV resistance mutations in patients failing protease inhibitors (PI) and to identify factors associated with having more DRV resistance mutations. All HIV-infected patients failing PI-based regimens with genotyping performed between 2007 and 2008 in a referral teaching center in São Paulo, Brazil, were included. DRV-specific resistance mutations listed by December 2008 IAS-USA panel update were considered. Two Poisson regression models were constructed to assess factors related to the presence of more DRV resistance mutations. A total of 171 HIV-infected patients with available genotyping were included. The number of patients with lopinavir, saquinavir, and amprenavir used in previous regimen were 130 (76 percent), 83 (49 percent), and 35 (20 percent), respectively. The prevalence of major DRV resistance mutations was 50V: 5 percent; 54M: 1 percent; 76V: 4 percent; 84V: 15 percent. For minor mutations, the rates were 11I: 3 percent; 32I: 7 percent; 33F: 23 percent; 47V: 6 percent; 54L: 6 percent; 74P: 3 percent; 89V: 6 percent. Only 11 (6 percent) of the genotypes had > 3 DRV resistance mutations. In the clinical model, time of HIV infection of > 10 years and use of amprenavir were independently associated with having more DRV resistance mutations. In the genotyping-based model, only total number of PI resistance mutations was associated with our outcome. In conclusion, the prevalence of DRV mutations was low. Time of HIV infection, use of amprenavir and total number of PI resistance mutations were associated with having more DRV mutations.


Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , HIV-1 , Drug Resistance, Viral/genetics , HIV Infections/virology , HIV Protease Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Mutation/genetics , Sulfonamides/therapeutic use , HIV-1 , Brazil , Genotype , HIV Infections/drug therapy , Prevalence , Viral Load
11.
Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Säo Paulo ; 52(6): 305-310, Nov.-Dec. 2010. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-570729

ABSTRACT

Neurological disorders caused by Cytomegalovirus (CMV) in patients with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) are rarely reported in the Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) period. The objective of this study was to describe the main clinical and laboratory features of patients with CMV-related neurological complications in HIV-infected patients admitted to a referral center in São Paulo, Brazil. CMV disease requires the identification of the virus in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Thirteen cases were identified between January, 2004 and December, 2008. The median age of patients was 38 years and nine (69 percent) were men. At admission all patients were aware of their HIV status and only four (31 percent) patients were on HAART. Patients who were not on antiretroviral therapy before admission received HAART while inpatients. CMV disease was the first AIDS-defining illness in eight (62 percent) patients. The neurologic syndromes identified were diffuse encephalitis (n = 7; 62 percent), polyradiculopathy (n = 7; 54 percent), focal encephalitis (rhombencephalitis) (n = 1; 8 percent), and ventriculo-encephalitis (n = 1; 8 percent). Seven (54 percent) patients presented extra-neural CMV disease and four (31 percent) had retinitis. The median of CD4+ T-cell count was 13 cells/µL (range: 1-124 cells/µL). Overall in-hospital mortality was 38 percent. Eight patients used ganciclovir or foscarnet (in-hospital mortality: 50 percent) and five patients used ganciclovir and foscarnet (in-hospital mortality: 20 percent). None of the patients fulfilled the diagnosis criteria of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. Four patients were lost to follow-up, and three patients presented immune recovery and discontinued secondary prophylaxis. Although infrequent, distinct neurological syndromes caused by CMV continue to cause high mortality among AIDS patients. Survival depends upon the use of effective antiviral therapy against CMV and the early introduction of HAART.


As complicações neurológicas causadas pelo Citomegalovírus (CMV) em pacientes com aids são raramente relatadas na era HAART. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever as principais características clínicas e laboratoriais de pacientes com complicações neurológicas associadas ao CMV em pacientes com aids admitidos em centro de referência em Sao Paulo, Brasil. A doença citomegálica precisou da identificação do vírus no líquor mediante a reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR). Treze casos foram identificados entre janeiro de 2004 e dezembro de 2008. A mediana da idade foi 38 anos e nove (69 por cento) eram homens. Na admissão, todos os pacientes sabiam do seu status sorológico para o HIV e apenas quatro (31 por cento) pacientes usavam HAART. A doença citomegálica foi a primeira doença definidora de aids em oito (62 por cento) pacientes. As síndromes neurológicas identificadas foram: encefalite difusa (n = 7; 62 por cento), polirradiculopatia (n = 7; 54 por cento), encefalite focal (romboencefalite) (n = 1; 8 por cento), e ventrículo-encefalite (n = 1; 8 por cento). Sete (54 por cento) pacientes apresentaram doença citomegálica fora do sistema nervoso e quatro (31 por cento) tiveram retinite. A mediana da contagem de células CD4+ foi 13 células/µL. A mortalidade global durante a internação foi 38 por cento. Oito pacientes usaram ganciclovir ou foscarnet (mortalidade: 50 por cento) e cinco pacientes usaram ganciclovir e foscarnet (mortalidade: 20 por cento). Nenhum paciente apresentou critérios diagnósticos da síndrome inflamatória de reconstituição imunológica. Quatro pacientes foram perdidos do acompanhamento ambulatorial e três pacientes apresentaram reconstituição imunológica e descontinuaram as profilaxias secundárias. Embora raras, as particulares síndromes neurológicas causadas pelo CMV continuam causando elevada mortalidade em pacientes com aids. A sobrevida depende do uso de terapia antiviral efetiva contra o CMV e a introdução oportuna do HAART.


Subject(s)
Adult , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , AIDS Dementia Complex/diagnosis , Cytomegalovirus Infections/diagnosis , AIDS Dementia Complex/drug therapy , Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active , Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use , Cytomegalovirus Infections/drug therapy , Foscarnet/therapeutic use , Ganciclovir/therapeutic use , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Tomography, X-Ray Computed
12.
Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Säo Paulo ; 52(5): 285-287, Sept.-Oct. 2010. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-563009

ABSTRACT

Cerebral tuberculomas constitute a major differential diagnosis of cerebral toxoplasmosis in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients in developing countries. We report the case of a 34-year old woman co-infected with HIV and possible disseminated tuberculosis (hepatitis, lymphadenopathy, and pleural effusion) who presented a large and solitary intracranial mass lesion. Despite extensive diagnostic efforts, including brain, ganglionar, and liver biopsies, no definitive diagnosis was reached. However, a trial with first-line antituberculous drugs led to a significant clinical and radiological improvement. Atypical presentations of cerebral tuberculomas should always be considered in the differential diagnosis of intracranial mass lesions in HIV-infected patients and a trial with antituberculous drugs is a valuable strategy to infer the diagnosis in a subset of patients.


Os tuberculomas cerebrais constituem diagnóstico diferencial importante da toxoplasmose cerebral em pacientes infectados pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV) de países em desenvolvimento. Os autores relatam o caso de uma mulher HIV positiva de 34 anos de idade, que apresentou provável tuberculose disseminada (hepatite, adenomegalia, e derrame pleural) associada à lesão expansiva cerebral única e gigante. Apesar dos esforços diagnósticos realizados, incluindo biópsia cerebral, ganglionar e hepática, o diagnóstico etiológico não foi confirmado. Porém, a resposta clínico-radiológica ao tratamento tuberculostático permitiu definir o diagnóstico de tuberculoma cerebral e a paciente teve alta hospitalar. Apresentações atípicas de tuberculomas cerebrais devem ser sempre consideradas no diagnóstico diferencial das lesões expansivas cerebrais em pacientes infectados pelo HIV e o uso do tratamento tuberculostático constitui ferramenta útil na definição diagnóstica em um sub-grupo de pacientes.


Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/drug therapy , Antitubercular Agents/therapeutic use , Tuberculoma, Intracranial/drug therapy , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Tomography, X-Ray Computed
13.
Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Säo Paulo ; 50(4): 209-212, July-Aug. 2008.
Article in English | LILACS, SES-SP | ID: lil-492724

ABSTRACT

Few data are available about progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) from Brazil. The objectives of this study were to describe the main features of patients with PML and estimate its frequency among AIDS patients with central nervous system (CNS) opportunistic diseases admitted to the Instituto de Infectologia Emílio Ribas, São Paulo, Brazil, from April 2003 to April 2004. A retrospective and descriptive study was performed. Twelve (6 percent) cases of PML were identified among 219 patients with neurological diseases. The median age of patients with PML was 36 years and nine (75 percent) were men. Nine (75 percent) patients were not on antiretroviral therapy at admission. The most common clinical manifestations were: focal weakness (75 percent), speech disturbances (58 percent), visual disturbances (42 percent), cognitive dysfunction (42 percent), and impaired coordination (42 percent). The median CD4+ T-cell count was 45 cells/µL. Eight (67 percent) of 12 patients were laboratory-confirmed with PML and four (33 percent) were possible cases. Eleven (92 percent) presented classic PML and only one case had immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS)-related PML. In four (33 percent) patients, PML was the first AIDS-defining illness. During hospitalization, three patients (25 percent) died as a result of nosocomial pneumonia and nine (75 percent) were discharged to home. Cases of PML were only exceeded by cases of cerebral toxoplasmosis, cryptococcal meningoencephalitis, and CNS tuberculosis, the three more frequent neurologic opportunistic infections in Brazil. The results of this study suggest that PML is not an uncommon HIV-related neurologic disorder in a referral center in Brazil.


Existe informação limitada sobre a presença da leucoencefalopatia multifocal progressiva (LEMP) em pacientes com aids no Brasil. Os objetivos do presente estudo foram descrever as principais características dos pacientes com LEMP e estimar a freqüência desta doença em pacientes com aids e doenças oportunistas do sistema nervoso central (SNC) internados em um centro de referência de São Paulo, Brasil. Neste estudo retrospectivo e descritivo, identificamos 12 (6 por cento) casos de LEMP entre 219 pacientes com doenças neurológicas oportunistas do SNC. A idade média dos pacientes com LEMP foi 36 anos e 9 (75 por cento) eram do sexo masculino. As manifestações clínicas mais freqüentes foram: déficits focais (75 por cento), alterações da fala (58 por cento), alterações visuais (42 por cento), alterações cognitivas (42 por cento), e problemas de coordenação (42 por cento). A média da contagem de células T-CD4+ foi 45 células/µL. Oito (67 por cento) dos 12 pacientes com LEMP tiveram diagnóstico confirmado laboratorialmente e em quatro (33 por cento) casos o diagnóstico foi possível. Onze (92 por cento) pacientes apresentaram LEMP clássica e um caso teve LEMP associada à síndrome de reconstituição imune. Em quatro (33 por cento) pacientes, a LEMP foi a primeira doença definidora de aids. Durante a internação, três pacientes (25 por cento) faleceram devido a pneumonia hospitalar e nove (75 por cento) tiveram alta. A LEMP foi apenas ultrapassada em freqüência pela toxoplasmose cerebral, a meningoencefalite criptococócica e a neurotuberculose, as três mais freqüentes doenças neurológicas oportunistas no Brasil. Os resultados deste estudo sugerem que a LEMP não é uma complicação neurológica incomum em pacientes com infecção pelo HIV no nosso meio.


Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/epidemiology , Leukoencephalopathy, Progressive Multifocal/epidemiology , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/diagnosis , Brazil/epidemiology , Leukoencephalopathy, Progressive Multifocal/diagnosis , Leukoencephalopathy, Progressive Multifocal/virology , Retrospective Studies
14.
Arq. neuropsiquiatr ; 65(3b): 848-851, set. 2007. graf
Article in English | LILACS, SES-SP | ID: lil-465194

ABSTRACT

We describe two Brazilian patients with HIV-associated neuromuscular weakness syndrome (HANWS), a unique clinical toxic syndrome that was recently reported in developed countries. Both patients were women, used stavudine and had hyperlactatemia, one of them with lactic acidosis. Eletrophysiological studies were consistent with axonal neuropathy. After discontinuation of antiretroviral therapy the patients had significant improvement in neurologic manifestations, and normalization of lactate levels. To our knowledge, this is the first report of HANWS in developing countries. Growing use of antiretroviral therapy in this setting, particularly stavudine, make it likely that similar cases will be observed.


Os autores descrevem dois pacientes brasileiros com a síndrome da fraqueza neuromuscular associada ao HIV, uma síndrome tóxica, clínicamente particular, que foi recentemente relatada em países desenvolvidos. Ambas pacientes eram do sexo feminino, usavam estavudina e apresentaram hiperlactatemia, uma delas com acidose láctica. Os exames electrofisiológicos foram consistentes com neuropatia axonal. As pacientes melhoraram significativamente das alterações neurológicas, assim como normalizaram os níveis de lactato, após descontinuar o uso dos antiretrovirais. Até onde sabemos, este é o primeiro relato da síndrome de fraqueza neuromuscular associada ao HIV em países em desenvolvimento. Nesse contexto, o uso crescente de antiretrovirais, particularmente a estavudina, possibilitarão que casos similares sejam observados.


Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Acidosis, Lactic/chemically induced , Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active/adverse effects , HIV Infections/drug therapy , Muscle Weakness/chemically induced , HIV Infections/blood , Muscle Weakness/diagnosis , Viral Load
15.
Braz. j. infect. dis ; 9(5): 425-430, Oct. 2005. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-419653

ABSTRACT

Severe pulmonary involvement in malaria has been frequently reported in cases of Plasmodium falciparum infection, but rarely in vivax malaria. Among the 11 previous cases of vivax-related severe respiratory involvement described in the literature, all except one developed it after the beginning of anti-malarial treatment; these appear to correspond to an exacerbation of the inflammatory response. We report the case of a 43-year-old Brazilian woman living in a malaria-endemic area, who presented acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) caused by P. vivax before starting anti-malarial treatment. The diagnosis was made based on microscopic methods. A negative rapid immunochromatographic assay, based on the detection of Histidine Rich Protein-2 (HRP-2) of P. falciparum, indicated that falciparum malaria was unlikely. After specific anti-plasmodial therapy and intensive supportive care, the patient was discharged from the hospital. We conclude that vivax malaria-associated ARDS can develop before anti-malarial therapy.


Subject(s)
Adult , Animals , Female , Humans , Malaria, Vivax/complications , Malaria, Vivax/diagnosis , Respiratory Distress Syndrome/etiology , Brazil/epidemiology , Malaria, Falciparum/diagnosis , Malaria/epidemiology , Plasmodium falciparum , Plasmodium vivax
16.
Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Säo Paulo ; 47(3)May-June 2005. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-406293

ABSTRACT

La aspergilosis cerebral es una causa rara de lesión expansiva cerebral en pacientes con SIDA. Presentamos el primer reporte de un absceso cerebral causado por Aspergillus fumigatus en un paciente brasileño con SIDA. El paciente, de 26 años de edad, presentaba antecedentes de infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH), tuberculosis pulmonar y toxoplasmosis cerebral. Manifestó fiebre, tos, disnea y dos episódios de convulsiones. La tomografía computadorizada (TC) demostró una lesión hipodensa parasagital y bi-parietal con realce periférico e importante efecto de masa. Se inició tratamiento anti-Toxoplasma. Tres semanas después, el paciente evidenció confusión mental y una nueva TC de cráneo mostró aumento de la lesión. Se realizó biopsia cerebral con drenaje de 10 mL de material purulento. El examen micológico directo reveló hifas hialinas septadas. Se inició anfotericina B deoxicolato. La cultura del material demostró presencia de Aspergillus fumigatus. En los siguientes dos meses el paciente fue sometido a otras tres cirugías, insertándose un catéter de drenaje y administrándose anfotericina B intralesional. Tres meses después de la admisión hospitalaria, la condición neurológica del paciente sufrió discretos cambios. Sin embargo, falleció debido a neumonia intrahospitalaria. Aunque muy raros, los abscesos cerebrales causados por Aspergillus fumigatus deben ser considerados en el diagnóstico diferencial de las lesiones expansivas cerebrales en pacientes con SIDA.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/microbiology , Aspergillus fumigatus/isolation & purification , Brain Abscess/microbiology , Neuroaspergillosis/diagnosis , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/diagnosis , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/drug therapy , Amphotericin B/therapeutic use , Antifungal Agents/therapeutic use , Brazil , Brain Abscess/diagnosis , Brain Abscess/drug therapy , Fatal Outcome , Neuroaspergillosis/drug therapy
17.
Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Säo Paulo ; 47(1): 25-30, jan.-fev. 2005. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-393340

ABSTRACT

El ántrax es una zoonosis producida por el Bacillus anthracis y la infección humana es endémica en diversas partes del mundo, incluyendo el Perú. Más del 95% de las infecciones adquiridas naturalmente son cutáneas y aproximadamente 5% de ellas pueden evolucionar para meningoencefalitis. En este estudio revisamos las características clínicas y epidemiológicas de los pacientes con diagnóstico de ántrax cutáneo evaluados entre 1969 y 2002 en el Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia (HNCH) y en el Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, en Lima, Perú. Se incluyeron 71 pacientes [49/71 (69%) del sexo masculino], con edad media de 37 años. Los diagnósticos fueron clasificados como definitivos (44%) o probables (56%). La ocupación más frecuente fue la agricultura (39%). La fuente de infección fue identificada en 63 (88.7%) pacientes. Todos presentaron lesiones ulcerativas con necrosis central. La mayoría de ellos (65%) tuvieron lesiones múltiples, principalmente localizadas en miembros superiores (80%). Cuatro pacientes (5.6%) desarrollaron meningoencefalitis y tres de ellos fallecieron. En conclusión, considerando sus particulares características clínicas y epidemiológicas, el ántrax cutáneo debe ser siempre incluido en el diagnóstico diferencial de las lesiones cutáneas ulcerativas. Los pacientes con sospecha clínica de la enfermedad deben recibir tratamiento precoz con el objetivo de evitar complicaciones neurológicas, las cuales presentan elevados índices de fatalidad.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Anthrax , Anthrax/diagnosis , Anthrax/drug therapy , Anthrax/epidemiology , Bacillus anthracis/isolation & purification , Meningoencephalitis/diagnosis , Meningoencephalitis/microbiology , Peru/epidemiology , Retrospective Studies , Skin Diseases, Bacterial/diagnosis , Skin Diseases, Bacterial/drug therapy , Skin Diseases, Bacterial/epidemiology
18.
Arq. neuropsiquiatr ; 62(3B): 793-796, set. 2004. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-384128

ABSTRACT

A epidemia da infecção pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV) aumentou a prevalência, multiresistência e formas disseminadas da tuberculose. O acometimento neurológico da tuberculose apresenta elevada morbidade e mortalidade, classificando-se em formas difusas (meningite) e localizadas (tuberculoma e abscesso). Relatamos três casos de tuberculomas cerebrais em pacientes com AIDS: um deles com diagnóstico definitivo, confirmado com histopatologia e dois com diagnóstico provável, baseado em informação clínica, radiológica, isolamento de Mycobaterium tuberculosis fora do sistema nervoso central e adequada resposta ao tratamento tuberculostático. Discutimos também aspectos diagnósticos, terapêuticos e prognósticos dos tuberculomas, enfatizando suas diferenças com os abscesos tuberculosos cerebrais. Apesar de serem relatados de forma infreqüente, os tuberculomas devem sempre ser considerados no diagnóstico diferencial das lesões expansivas cerebrais em pacientes com AIDS.


Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/diagnosis , Antitubercular Agents/therapeutic use , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/isolation & purification , Tuberculoma, Intracranial/diagnosis , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/drug therapy , Tomography, X-Ray Computed , Tuberculoma, Intracranial/drug therapy
19.
Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Säo Paulo ; 46(4): 199-202, July-Aug. 2004. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-365518

ABSTRACT

Recentemente, a reagudização da doença de Chagas (meningoencefalite e/ou miocardite) foi incluída na lista de doenças indicativas de aids no Brasil. Os autores relatam o caso de um paciente de 52 anos de idade, natural de área rural da Bahia e procedente de uma área urbana de São Paulo, sem história de doenças prévias e que apresentou meningoencefalite aguda. As sorologias e pesquisas parasitológicas diretas no sangue e no liquido cefalorraquideano (LCR) demonstraram presença de Trypanosoma cruzi, confirmando-se o diagnóstico mediante cultura do LCR. O teste rápido assim como os ELISA e Western Blot diagnosticaram infecção pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV). Apesar do tratamento com benzonidazole e as medidas de suporte, o paciente faleceu 24 horas depois da admissão hospitalar. Em áreas endêmicas, a reagudização da doença de Chagas deve ser sempre considerada no diagnóstico diferencial das meningoencefalites e sua presença em pacientes com infecção pelo HIV é indicativa de aids.


Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Male , Middle Aged , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections , Chagas Disease , Meningoencephalitis , Trypanosoma cruzi , Acute Disease , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections , Blotting, Western , Chagas Disease , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Fatal Outcome , Meningoencephalitis , Trypanocidal Agents
20.
Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Säo Paulo ; 46(3): 171-174, May-Jun. 2004. ilus, mapas
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-362395

ABSTRACT

A bartonelose ou doença de Carrión é endêmica em algumas regiões do Peru, descrevendo-se classicamente nos vales inter-andinos, entre 500 e 3.200 metros acima do nível do mar. Os autores relatam o caso de um paciente de 43 anos de idade, fazendeiro, natural do distrito de Pichanaki (Chanchamayo, Junín), localizado na Selva Alta do Peru. O paciente apresentou-se com lesões disseminadas, elevadas e eritematosas, algumas delas com sinais de sangramento. Distribuiam-se também na mucosa nasal e no penis. Foram também observados nódulos subcutâneos no tronco e nas extremidades. Os exames laboratorais evidenciaram anemia moderada. Os testes sorológicos para detectar anticorpos contra o HIV e Treponema pallidum foram negativos. Os resultados dos estudos histopatológicos de duas biópsias de pele foram compatíveis com verruga peruana. Iniciou-se antibioticoterapia com ciprofloxacina (500 mg duas vezes ao dia). Após dez dias de tratamento, o paciente apresentou melhora clínica importante. Este relato representa o primeiro caso autóctone confirmado da fase eruptiva da bartonelose em um paciente da Selva Alta do Peru, sugestiva da expansão geográfica da doença.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Anti-Infective Agents , Bartonella Infections , Ciprofloxacin , Bartonella Infections , Peru , Trees
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